Mixed-use development
Program overview
Combining residential, commercial, civic space: A mixed-use development combines multiple land uses (e.g., residential, commercial, and civic) into a single development project. By co-locating uses, such developments can improve multiple health, safety, and economic outcomes.
Varied in scale and form: Mixed-use projects vary in scale, from infill development on a single parcel to the construction of entire neighborhoods that co-locate multiple uses. The configuration of such development may be either vertical, where public uses (e.g., retail) are placed on lower floors and private uses (e.g., residences) are placed on upper floors, or horizontal, where uses are distributed among multiple single-use buildings in an area.
A public and private effort: Typically, mixed-use projects are led by private developers. Local governments play a key role, however. An area’s zoning code can enable or require mixed-use development on certain parcels. Additionally, local governments may use financial or regulatory incentives (e.g., permit fee reductions) to encourage mixed-use development.
- Cost per Participant
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Not available
Multiple studies with rigorous designs provide some evidence for mixed-use development as a strategy for improving health, traffic safety, and economic outcomes.
A 2017 research synthesis identified mixed-use development as a scientifically supported strategy for increasing physical activity.
A 2022 literature review identified mixed-use developments as a strategy that may reduce traffic risks and increase household wealth, local property tax revenues, and mobility options for non-drivers.
Check for regulatory barriers: Due to a widespread historical emphasis on single-use development in many jurisdictions, local governments’ regulatory codes may prohibit or disincentivize mixed-use development. By auditing zoning codes, land use regulations, fire and building codes, and other regulations, local governments can ensure that market-ready developments can proceed.
Leverage existing or planned infrastructure and development: Several of the benefits of mixed-use development (e.g., increased physical activity) are tied to the ability of residents and visitors to access most of their regular needs without a vehicle. Local governments should use regulatory tools or incentives to concentrate mixed-use development where existing infrastructure (e.g., transit facilities) or commercial development (e.g., grocery stores) is planned or already exists.
Use incentives to spur development in weak markets: In areas with weak markets for residential and commercial property, private developers may be unwilling to undertake mixed-use projects. Local governments can use financial (e.g., tax abatements) or regulatory incentives (e.g., density bonuses) to encourage developers to proceed with projects in these areas.
Create a plan to minimize displacement: Due to their popularity, neighborhoods with new mixed-use development may see increases in rent and property values. Especially in strong markets, where increases are typically the greatest, this can lead to residents being displaced. Local governments can counter displacement by requiring or incentivizing the creation of affordable units in the new development.